Ngā Tamatoa
| Formation | Early 1970s |
|---|---|
| Purpose | Activist group that promoted Māori rights and addressed violations by the New Zealand Government against the Treaty of Waitangi. |
| Location | |
Key people | Hone Harawira, Hilda Harawira, Titewhai Harawira, Donna Awatere Huata, Tame Iti, Josephine Keelan, Taitimu Maipi, Jim Moriarty, Rawiri Paratene, Larry Parr, Tama Poata, Brya Taylor, Ngahuia Te Awekotuku, Hana Te Hemara, Arapeta (Albert) Orme, Kura Te Waru Rewiri, Linda Tuhiwai Smith, Tiata Witehira, Vernon Winitana |
Ngā Tamatoa (The Warriors) was a Māori activist group that operated throughout the 1970s to promote Māori rights, fight racial discrimination, and confront injustices perpetrated by the New Zealand Government, particularly violations of the Treaty of Waitangi.
Origins
[edit]Ngā Tamatoa emerged from a conference at the University of Auckland organised by academic and historian Ranginui Walker. The group consisted of mainly urban and university-educated Māori who were offended by continuing confiscation of land and degradation of the Māori language. The group was inspired by international liberation and indigenous movements such as the Black Panther Party and the American Indian Movement which characterised the New Left of the 1970s internationally. Syd Jackson, one of the founding members of Ngā Tamatoa, drew from the works of Eldridge Cleaver and Stokely Carmichael.[1] Ngā Tamatoa often worked alongside the Polynesian Panthers, who also drew direct inspiration from the Black Panther Party.[2]
Member Taura Eruera said of the group's beginning "Our tohu at the time was tama tu, tama ora, tama noho, tama mate, tamatoa — meaning stand up and do something, don't sit and do nothing."[3]
Members of Ngā Tamatoa included Hone Harawira and his mother Titewhai Harawira, Donna Awatere Huata, Tame Iti, Josephine Keelan, Jim Moriarty, Rawiri Paratene, Larry Parr, Hana Te Hemara, Kura Te Waru Rewiri, Linda Tuhiwai Smith, Brya Taylor, Ngahuia Te Awekotuku, Vernon Winitana and Tiata Witehira.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10] Tama Poata was a member who was also involved in other activist groups, Māori Organisation On Human Rights and Halt All Racist Tours (HART), and was influential in the film and TV industry.[11] Member Taitimu Maipi recounted the leadership of women in Ngā Tamatoa, describing efforts by Hilda Harawera in Māori language activism.[12]
Māori language
[edit]In September 1972, Ngā Tamatoa presented a petition with more than 30,000 signatures to the Crown to have Māori taught in schools.[13] Titewhai Harawera was strongly involved in this campaign for the Māori language with Ngā Tamatoa. She said in 2009:
We were determined to rescue our language because we felt and we believed, and we believe today, that a people without its language is a people that die.[4]
Other initiatives by the organisation helped to create real social and political changes in New Zealand including the establishment of Māori language nests (Kōhanga Reo), and Kura Kaupapa Māori immersion schools. In 1987, the Māori Language Act was passed by the New Zealand Government, giving Te Reo Māori (Māori language) official language status.
1975 Land March
[edit]Ngā Tamatoa organised the historic 1975 Land March, led by Dame Whina Cooper, from the top of New Zealand's North Island to Parliament in Wellington. Following the march, Ngā Tamatoa created a 'Tent Embassy' by camping on Parliament grounds in Wellington, demanding immediate action on land march issues.[14]
He Taua 1979
[edit]The organisation was involved in disrupting the University of Auckland haka party, a part of the annual student capping parade. This was an annual parade in which engineering students parodied the Māori haka, by painting male genitals on their body and performing with sexually obscene gestures.[15] The disruption was mainly organised by a group of Māori and Pacific Island students, called He Taua 'War Party.' Following a violent attack on the engineering students, when several students were assaulted, members of He Taua were arrested. Their court case in Auckland sparked anti-racism protests outside the courthouse. Members of He Taua included Hone Harawira, who later became a Member of Parliament. Actor and writer Katie Wolfe wrote and produced a play and film The Haka Party Incident about the incident and its aftermath.[16][17]
Treaty of Waitangi
[edit]Ngā Tamatoa initiated the annual protests at Waitangi on Waitangi Day, in 1973 after Prime Minister Norman Kirk changed the name of the day to 'New Zealand Day'. The group claimed that "the Treaty is a fraud" because of the ongoing breaches committed by the Government. Ngā Tamatoa wore black armbands to the celebrations to mourn the loss of Māori land, much of which had been confiscated or annexed by state legislation. The Auckland Māori Council declared its support of the protest by making a submission that cited fourteen statutes that were breaching the Treaty at that time.
References
[edit]- ^ Bielenberg, Aliosha (22 December 2017). "The Polynesian Panthers and Negotiations of Blackness" (PDF). Retrieved 22 February 2020.
- ^ Husband, Dale (21 May 2016). "Will 'Ilolahia: Once a Panther, always a Panther". Retrieved 22 February 2020.
Yes, and we actually, from our side of the street, we always looked at [Ngā Tamatoa] like our academics. We ended up doing a lot of their street activities. Like petitioning for te reo — we helped to get our communities to sign. A lot of our members were involved in quite a few Māori issues because we thought that, to get better rights for Pacific Islanders, we needed to first get rights for tangata whenua. So, for example, the security on the (1975) Land March, were actually mostly Panthers. There was a lot of collaboration with Ngā Tamatoa. We were a part of the He Taua attack on the engineers at Auckland University that got that particular situation solved.
- ^ "Ngā Tamatoa: 40 Years On | Television". NZ On Screen. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
- ^ a b "Titewhai Harawira dies, aged 90". RNZ. 25 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
- ^ "Ngā Tamatoa oral history project". natlib.govt.nz. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
- ^ Screen, NZ On. "Ngā Tamatoa: 40 Years On | Television | NZ On Screen". www.nzonscreen.com. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
- ^ Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "Ngā Tamatoa and Te Reo Maori Society". teara.govt.nz. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
- ^ "'The women led everything' – Ngā Tamatoa member". Māori Television. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
- ^ "A tribute to the 50-year anniversary of the Māori Language petition". NZ Herald. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
- ^ "Ngā Tamatoa reunite to reminisce". Waatea News. 14 January 2022.
- ^ "Tama Poata". NZ On Screen. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
- ^ "'The women led everything' – Ngā Tamatoa member". Māori Television. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
- ^ Metge, J. (2004). Rautahi: The Maori of New Zealand. Routledge. p. 177. ISBN 9780415330572. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
- ^ "Waitangi Tribunal". waitangi-tribunal.govt.nz. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
- ^ "Mocked haka proved a turning point". One News. 1 May 2009. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
- ^ Yates, Siena (29 April 2023). "The Haka Party Incident". E-Tangata. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
- ^ "Katie Wolfe: The Haka Party Incident". RNZ. 10 August 2024. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
Further reading
[edit]- Ranginui Walker, Nga Tau Tohetohe-Years of Anger, Auckland, 1987
- Ranginui Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou-Struggle Without End, Auckland, 1990
- Aroha Harris, Hikoi: Forty years of Maori Protest, Auckland, 2004
